The fuel-to electricity has been historically designed and realized by two science and Technology routes: 1) Grove 1939 fuel cell electrochemical power generation and 2) Watt (1776)-Siemens (1866) heat machine- dynamo Electro-Mechanical power generation, see attachment. The latter is for today industrialization and social civilization but the fuel cell is still challenging for commercialization. Our route is the fuel-power generation designed by Physics to combine fuel cell advantages. The semiconductor ion properties and transport and energy band play a key role by adding electrocatalyst function, that is all, i.e. Physics and Physical methodology. A typical example for this methodology can be found in ref. (1) attached bellow. All these have been realized by advanced or novel functional Materials called Semiconductor-ionic materials which have not yet well recognized by the material society, also new corresponding smart devices and technologies as well as new scientific disciplinary: Semiconductor-Ionics (Semionics) or E-ionics.

(1) B. Zhu et al, Novel fuel cell with nanocomposite functional layer designed by perovskite solar cell principle, Nano Energy, 2016, 19,156-164.